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1.
Neumol. pediátr. (En línea) ; 18(3): 67-70, 2023. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1512539

ABSTRACT

Las enfermedades obstructivas de la vía aérea pediátrica son muy frecuentes debido a los fenómenos mecánicos que están involucrados. En los niños más pequeños, la marcada resistencia de las vías aéreas pequeñas, determinada por la falta de tejido elástico y una caja torácica aún no bien desarrollada; tanto su estructura como la musculatura, facilitarán que cuadros infecciosos, mecánicos (cuerpo extraño) y compresivos, determinen que los flujos de aire se vean limitados y con ello la ventilación alveolar. La respuesta fisiológica con aumento del trabajo respiratorio es limitada y por lo tanto la fatiga muscular determinará hipoventilación con las consecuencias de hipoxemia e hipercapnia.


Obstructive diseases of the pediatric airway are very frequent due to the mechanical phenomena that are involved. The marked resistance of the small airways, such as the lack of elastic tissue and a thoracic cage that is not yet well developed, both in its structure and in the musculature, will make it easier for infectious, mechanical (foreign body), compressive and other conditions to determine that the flows of air are limited and with it the alveolar ventilation. The physiological response with increased work of breathing is limited and therefore muscle fatigue will determine hypoventilation, with the consequences of hypoxemia and hypercapnia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchiolitis/physiopathology , Respiratory Mechanics , Foreign Bodies/physiopathology , Hypoventilation
2.
J. bras. pneumol ; 46(1): e20180328, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056628

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationship that the difference between slow vital capacity (SVC) and FVC (ΔSVC-FVC) has with demographic, clinical, and pulmonary function data. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study in which participants completed a respiratory health questionnaire, as well as undergoing spirometry and plethysmography. The sample was divided into two groups: ΔSVC-FVC ≥ 200 mL and ΔSVC-FVC < 200 mL. The intergroup correlations were analyzed, and binomial logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: The sample comprised 187 individuals. In the sample as a whole, the mean ΔSVC-FVC was 0.17 ± 0.14 L, and 61 individuals (32.62%) had a ΔSVC-FVC ≥ 200 mL. The use of an SVC maneuver reduced the prevalence of nonspecific lung disease and of normal spirometry results by revealing obstructive lung disease (OLD). In the final logistic regression model (adjusted for weight and body mass index > 30 kg/m2), OLD and findings of air trapping (high functional residual capacity and a low inspiratory capacity/TLC ratio) were predictors of a ΔSVC-FVC ≥ 200 mL. The chance of a bronchodilator response was found to be greater in the ΔSVC-FVC ≥ 200 mL group: for FEV1 (OR = 4.38; 95% CI: 1.45-13.26); and for FVC (OR = 3.83; 95% CI: 1.26-11.71). Conclusions: The use of an SVC maneuver appears to decrease the prevalence of nonspecific lung disease and of normal spirometry results. Individuals with a ΔSVC-FVC ≥ 200 mL, which is probably the result of OLD and air trapping, are apparently more likely to respond to bronchodilator administration.


RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação da diferença entre a capacidade vital lenta (CVL) e CVF (ΔCVL-CVF) com dados demográficos, clínicos e de função pulmonar. Métodos: Estudo analítico, transversal, no qual os participantes responderam a um questionário de saúde respiratória e foram submetidos a espirometria e pletismografia. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: ΔCVL-CVF ≥ 200 mL e ΔCVL-CVF < 200 mL. Foram realizadas análises de correlações entre os grupos e de regressão logística binominal. Resultados: Foram selecionados 187 indivíduos. Na amostra total, a média da ΔCVL-CVF foi de 0,17 ± 0,14 L. Na amostra, 61 indivíduos (32,62%) apresentaram ΔCVL-CVF ≥ 200 mL. O uso da manobra expiratória lenta reduziu a prevalência de distúrbio ventilatório inespecífico e resultados espirométricos normais, ao revelar distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO). DVO e achados de aprisionamento aéreo (capacidade residual funcional elevada e capacidade inspiratória/CPT reduzida) foram preditores de ΔCVL-CVF ≥ 200 mL no modelo final da regressão logística (ajustada para peso e índice de massa corpórea > 30 kg/m2). Foi observada maior chance de resposta ao broncodilatador no grupo ΔCVL-CVF ≥ 200 mL: VEF1 (OR = 4,38; IC95%: 1,45-13,26) e CVF (OR = 3,83; IC95%: 1,26-11,71). Conclusões: O uso da manobra expiratória lenta diminuiu a prevalência de distúrbio ventilatório inespecífico e de resultados espirométricos normais, podendo a ΔCVL-CVF ≥ 200 mL ser resultado de DVO e aprisionamento aéreo, tendo maior chance de resposta ao broncodilatador.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Vital Capacity/physiology , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Plethysmography , Respiratory Function Tests , Spirometry , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Statistics, Nonparametric
3.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 109(6): 569-578, Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-887974

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Clinical studies demonstrate that up to 40% of patients do not respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), thus, appropriate patient selection is critical to the success of CRT in heart failure. Objective: Evaluation of mortality predictors and response to CRT in the Brazilian scenario. Methods: Retrospective cohort study including patients submitted to CRT in a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil from 2008 to 2014. Survival was assessed through a database of the State Department of Health (RS). Predictors of echocardiographic response were evaluated using Poisson regression. Survival analysis was performed by Cox regression and Kaplan Meyer curves. A two-tailed p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 170 patients with an average follow-up of 1011 ± 632 days were included. The total mortality was 30%. The independent predictors of mortality were age (hazard ratio [HR] of 1.05, p = 0.027), previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (HR of 2.17, p = 0.049) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR of 3.13, p = 0.015). The percentage of biventricular stimulation at 6 months was identified as protective factor of mortality ([HR] 0.97, p = 0.048). The independent predictors associated with the echocardiographic response were absence of mitral insufficiency, presence of left bundle branch block and percentage of biventricular stimulation. Conclusion: Mortality in patients submitted to CRT in a tertiary hospital was independently associated with age, presence of COPD and previous AMI. The percentage of biventricular pacing evaluated 6 months after resynchronizer implantation was independently associated with improved survival and echocardiographic response.


Resumo Fundamento: Estudos Clínicos demonstram que até 40% dos pacientes não respondem à terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC), assim a seleção apropriada dos pacientes é fundamental para o sucesso da TRC na insuficiência cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliação de preditores de mortalidade e resposta à TRC no cenário brasileiro. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo os pacientes submetidos à TRC em hospital terciário no Sul do Brasil entre 2008-2014. A sobrevida foi avaliada através de banco de dados da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (RS). Os preditores de resposta ecocardiográfica foram avaliados utilizando método de regressão de Poisson. A análise de sobrevida foi feita por regressão de Cox e curvas de Kaplan Meyer. Um valor de p bicaudal inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 170 pacientes com seguimento médio de 1011 ± 632 dias. A mortalidade total foi de 30%. Os preditores independentes de mortalidade identificados foram idade (hazzard ratio [HR] de 1,05; p = 0,027), infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) prévio (HR de 2,17; p = 0,049) e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) (HR de 3,13; p = 0,015). O percentual de estimulação biventricular em 6 meses foi identificado com fator protetor de mortalidade ([HR] 0,97; p = 0,048). Os preditores independentes associados à reposta ecocardiográfica foram ausência de insuficiência mitral, presença de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e percentual de estimulação biventricular. Conclusão: A mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos à TRC em hospital terciário foi independentemente associada à idade, presença de DPOC e IAM prévio. O percentual de estimulação biventricular avaliado 6 meses após o implante do ressincronizador foi independentemente associado a melhora da sobrevida e resposta ecocardiográfica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Bundle-Branch Block/surgery , Bundle-Branch Block/mortality , Defibrillators, Implantable/adverse effects , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , Echocardiography , Survival Analysis , Survival Rate , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Hospitals , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
4.
J. bras. pneumol ; 42(5): 341-347, Sept.-Oct. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-797952

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Many patients with proportional reductions in FVC and FEV1 on spirometry show no reduction in TLC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role that measuring lung volumes and airway resistance plays in the correct classification of patients with a possible restrictive pattern on spirometry. Methods: This was a prospective study involving adults with reduced FVC and FEV1, as well as an FEV1/FV(C) ratio within the predicted range. Restrictive lung disease (RLD) was characterized by TLC below the 5th percentile, as determined by plethysmography. Obstructive lung disease (OLD) was characterized by high specific airway resistance, significant changes in post-bronchodilator FEV1, or an FEF25-75% < 50% of predicted, together with a high RV/TLC ratio. Nonspecific lung disease (NLD) was characterized by TLC within the predicted range and no obstruction. Combined lung disease (CLD) was characterized by reduced TLC and findings indicative of airflow obstruction. Clinical diagnoses were based on clinical suspicion, a respiratory questionnaire, and the review of tests of interest. Results: We included 300 patients in the study, of whom 108 (36%) were diagnosed with RLD. In addition, 120 (40%) and 72 (24%) were diagnosed with OLD/CLD and NLD, respectively. Among the latter, 24 (33%) were clinically diagnosed with OLD. In this sample, 151 patients (50.3%) were obese, and obesity was associated with all patterns of lung disease. Conclusions: Measuring lung volumes and airway resistance is often necessary in order to provide an appropriate characterization of the pattern of lung disease in patients presenting with a spirometry pattern suggestive of restriction. Airflow obstruction is common in such cases.


RESUMO Objetivo: Muitos pacientes com redução proporcional de CVF e VEF1 na espirometria não têm CPT reduzida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o papel da medida dos volumes pulmonares e da resistência das vias aéreas para a classificação correta de pacientes com possível restrição à espirometria. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de adultos com CVF e VEF1 reduzidos e relação VEF1/CV(F) na faixa prevista. Distúrbio ventilatório restritivo (DVR) foi definido por CPT < 5º percentil por pletismografia. Distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO) foi caracterizado por resistência específica de vias aéreas elevada, resposta significativa do VEF1 pós-broncodilatador e/ou um FEF25-75% < 50% do previsto associado a uma relação VR/CPT elevada. Distúrbio ventilatório inespecífico (DVI) foi caracterizado por CPT na faixa prevista e ausência de obstrução. Distúrbio ventilatório combinado (DVC) foi caracterizado por CPT reduzida e achados indicativos de obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. Os diagnósticos clínicos foram baseados em suspeita clínica, um questionário respiratório e revisão de exames de interesse. Resultados: Foram incluídos 300 pacientes no estudo, dos quais 108 (36%) tiveram diagnóstico de DVR, enquanto 120 (40%) foram diagnosticados com DVO ou DVC e 72 (24%) com DVI. Destes últimos, 24 (33%) tinham diagnóstico clínico de DVO. Nesta amostra, 151 pacientes (50,3%) eram obesos, e isso se associou com todos os padrões de distúrbios funcionais. Conclusões: Medidas dos volumes pulmonares e da resistência das vias aéreas são frequentemente necessárias para a caracterização adequada do tipo de distúrbio funcional em casos com possível restrição à espirometria. A obstrução ao fluxo aéreo é comum nesses casos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Spirometry/methods , Airway Resistance/physiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Respiratory Function Tests , Total Lung Capacity/physiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Obesity/physiopathology
5.
J. bras. pneumol ; 42(1): 22-28, Jan.-Feb. 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-776482

ABSTRACT

Objective : To determine whether a restrictive pattern on spirometry is associated with the level of physical activity in daily life (PADL), as well as with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, in asymptomatic adults. Methods : A total of 374 participants (mean age, 41 ± 14 years) underwent spirometry, which included the determination of FVC and FEV1. A restrictive pattern on spirometry was defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio > 0.7 and an FVC < 80% of the predicted value. After conducting demographic, anthropometric, and CVD risk assessments, we evaluated body composition, muscle function, and postural balance, as well as performing cardiopulmonary exercise testing and administering the six-minute walk test. The PADL was quantified with a triaxial accelerometer. Results : A restrictive pattern on spirometry was found in 10% of the subjects. After multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for confounders (PADL and cardiorespiratory fitness), the following variables retained significance (OR; 95% CI) as predictors of a restrictive pattern: systemic arterial hypertension (17.5; 1.65-184.8), smoking (11.6; 1.56-87.5), physical inactivity (8.1; 1.43-46.4), larger center-of-pressure area while standing on a force platform (1.34; 1.05-1.71); and dyslipidemia (1.89; 1.12-1.98). Conclusions : A restrictive pattern on spirometry appears to be common in asymptomatic adults. We found that CVD risk factors, especially systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, and physical inactivity, were directly associated with a restrictive pattern, even when the analysis was adjusted for PADL and cardiorespiratory fitness. Longitudinal studies are needed in order to improve understanding of the etiology of a restrictive pattern as well as to aid in the design of preventive strategies.


Objetivo : Determinar se o distúrbio ventilatório restritivo (DVR) sugerido por espirometria está associado ao nível de atividade física na vida diária (AFVD), assim como a fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular (DCV), em adultos assintomáticos. Métodos : Um total de 374 participantes (média de idade, 41 ± 14 anos) realizou espirometria, que incluiu a determinação de CVF e VEF1. O DVR foi definido como a relação VEF1/CVF > 0,7 e CVF < 80% do valor previsto. Após a coleta de dados demográficos, dados antropométricos e dados relacionados aos fatores de risco para DCV, foram avaliados composição corporal, função muscular e equilíbrio postural, assim como realizados teste cardiopulmonar e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. O nível de AFVD foi medido por um acelerômetro triaxial. Resultados : O DVR sugerido por espirometria foi encontrado em 10% dos indivíduos. Após a regressão logística multivariada, ajustada para os fatores de confusão (AFVD e aptidão cardiorrespiratória), as seguintes variáveis permaneceram significativas (OR; IC95%) como preditoras de DVR: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (17,5; 1,65-184,8), tabagismo (11,6; 1,56-87,5), inatividade física (8,1; 1,43-46,4), maior área do centro de pressão durante apoio bipodal em plataforma de força (1,34; 1,05-1,71) e dislipidemia (1,89; 1,12-1,98). Conclusões : O DVR sugerido por espirometria parece ser um achado comum em adultos assintomáticos. Fatores de risco para DCV, principalmente hipertensão arterial sistêmica, tabagismo e sedentarismo, foram diretamente associados ao DVR, mesmo quando a análise foi ajustada para AFVD e aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Estudos longitudinais são necessários para melhorar a compreensão da etiologia do DVR, bem como para auxiliar na concepção de estratégias preventivas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Asymptomatic Diseases , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Exercise/physiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Vital Capacity/physiology , Activities of Daily Living , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise Test , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/physiopathology , Logistic Models , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/complications , Motor Activity/physiology , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Spirometry
6.
J. bras. pneumol ; 39(6): 675-685, Nov-Dec/2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-697774

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare TLC and RV values obtained by the single-breath helium dilution (SBHD) method with those obtained by whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in patients with normal lung function, patients with obstructive lung disease (OLD), and patients with restrictive lung disease (RLD), varying in severity, and to devise equations to estimate the SBHD results. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 169 individuals, of whom 93 and 49 presented with OLD and RLD, respectively, the remaining 27 having normal lung function. All patients underwent spirometry and lung volume measurement by both methods. RESULTS: TLC and RV were higher by WBP than by SBHD. The discrepancy between the methods was more pronounced in the OLD group, correlating with the severity of airflow obstruction. In the OLD group, the correlation coefficient of the comparison between the two methods was 0.57 and 0.56 for TLC and RV, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). We used regression equations, adjusted for the groups studied, in order to predict the WBP values of TLC and RV, using the corresponding SBHD values. It was possible to create regression equations to predict differences in TLC and RV between the two methods only for the OLD group. The TLC and RV equations were, respectively, ∆TLCWBP-SBHD in L = 5.264 − 0.060 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.33; adjusted r2 = 0.32) and ∆RVWBP-SBHD in L = 4.862 − 0.055 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.31; adjusted r2 = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The correction of TLC and RV results obtained by SBHD can improve the accuracy of this method for assessing lung volumes in patients with OLD. However, additional studies are needed in order to validate these equations. .


OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados de CPT e VR obtidos pelo método de diluição de hélio em respiração única (DHRU) com aqueles obtidos por pletismografia de corpo inteiro (PCI) em indivíduos com função pulmonar normal, portadores de distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO) e portadores de distúrbio ventilatório restritivo (DVR) com diferentes níveis de gravidade e elaborar equações para estimar CPT e VR por DHRU. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com 169 indivíduos, dos quais, respectivamente, 93, 49 e 27 apresentavam DVO, DVR e espirometria normal. Todos realizaram espirometria e determinação de volumes pulmonares pelos dois métodos. RESULTADOS: Os valores de CPT e VR foram maiores por PCI que por DHRU. A discrepância entre os métodos foi mais acentuada no grupo com DVO e se relacionou com a gravidade da obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. No grupo com DVO, o coeficiente de correlação da comparação entre os dois métodos foi de 0,57 e 0,56 para CPT e VR, respectivamente (p < 0,001 para ambos). Para predizer os valores de CPT e VR por PCI utilizando os respectivos valores por DHRU foram utilizadas equações de regressão, corrigidas de acordo com os grupos estudados. Somente foi possível criar equações de regressão para predizer as diferenças de CPT e VR entre os dois métodos para pacientes com DVO. Essas equações foram, respectivamente, ∆CPTPCI-DHRU em L = 5,264 − 0,060 × VEF1/CVF (r2 = 0,33; r2 ajustado = 0,32) e ∆VRPCI-DHRU em L = 4,862 − 0,055 × VEF1/CVF (r2 = 0,31; r2 ajustado = 0,30). CONCLUSÕES: A correção de CPT e VR obtidos por DHRU pode melhorar a acurácia desse método para avaliar os volumes pulmonares em pacientes com DVO. Entretanto, estudos adicionais ...


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Helium , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Body Mass Index , Breath Tests/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Linear Models , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Plethysmography, Whole Body , Retrospective Studies , Residual Volume/physiology , Severity of Illness Index , Spirometry
7.
J. bras. pneumol ; 39(1): 56-62, jan.-fev. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-668057

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer os limites superiores para mudanças em VEF1, capacidade vital lenta (CVL), CVF e capacidade inspiratória (CI) após o uso de placebo em pacientes com obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. MÉTODOS: Cento e dois adultos com obstrução ao fluxo aéreo (VEF1 = 62 ± 19% do previsto) foram incluídos neste estudo. Todos os participantes realizaram manobras de CVL e CVF antes e depois do uso de spray de placebo. As mudanças em VEF1, CVL, CVF e CI foram expressas em valores absolutos, porcentagem de variação em relação aos valores basais e porcentagem dos valores previstos, e foram calculados os IC95% e os percentis 95. A análise fatorial foi realizada a fim de determinar como essas alterações se agrupavam. RESULTADOS: Considerando os IC95% e percentis 95 e após o arredondamento dos valores, obtivemos os seguintes limites superiores para resposta significante: VEF1 = 0,20 L, CVF = 0,20 L, CVL = 0,25 L e CI = 0,30 L (em valores absolutos); VEF1 = 12%, CVF = 7%, CVL = 10% e CI = 15% (em porcentagem de variação em relação aos valores basais) e VEF1 = 7%, CVF = 6%, CVL = 7% e CI = 12% (em porcentagem dos valores previstos). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes com obstrução ao fluxo aéreo, a CI apresenta maior variabilidade do que a CVF e a CVL. Para a CI, valores maiores que 0,30 L e 15% de variação em relação ao valor basal devem ser considerados significantes. Para CVF, valores maiores que 0,20L e 7% de variação em relação ao valor basal são significantes. Alternativamente, alterações de mais de 0,20 L e 7% do previsto no VEF1 e na CVF devem ser consideradas significantes. Na análise fatorial, os parâmetros espirométricos se agruparam em três dimensões, expressando mudanças no fluxo, volume e hiperinsuflação dinâmica.


OBJECTIVE: To establish the upper limits for changes in FEV1, slow vital capacity (SVC), FVC, and inspiratory capacity (IC) after placebo administration in patients with airflow obstruction. METHODS: One hundred and two adults with airflow obstruction (FEV1 = 62 ± 19% of predicted) were included in the study. All of the participants performed SVC and FVC maneuvers before and after the administration of placebo spray. The changes in FEV1, SVC, FVC, and IC were expressed as absolute values, percentage of change from baseline values, and percentage of predicted values, 95% CIs and 95th percentiles being calculated. Factor analysis was performed in order to determine how those changes clustered. RESULTS: Considering the 95% CIs and 95th percentiles and after rounding the values, we found that the upper limits for a significant response were as follows: FEV1 = 0.20 L, FVC = 0.20 L, SVC = 0.25 L, and IC = 0.30 L (expressed as absolute values); FEV1 = 12%, FVC = 7%, SVC = 10%, and IC = 15% (expressed as percentage of change from baseline values); and FEV1 = 7%, FVC = 6%, SVC = 7%, and IC = 12% (expressed as percentage of predicted values). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with airflow obstruction, IC varies more widely than do FVC and SVC. For IC, values greater than 0.30 L and 15% of change from the baseline value can be considered significant. For FVC, values greater than 0.20 L and 7% of change from the baseline value are significant. Alternatively, changes exceeding 0.20 L and 7% of the predicted value can be considered significant for FEV1 and FVC. On factor analysis, spirometric parameters clustered into three dimensions, expressing changes in flows, volumes, and dynamic hyperinflation.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bronchodilator Agents/administration & dosage , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/drug therapy , Placebos/pharmacology , Vital Capacity/drug effects , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Forced Expiratory Volume/drug effects , Inspiratory Capacity/drug effects , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Nasal Sprays , Placebos/administration & dosage , Spirometry , Statistics, Nonparametric
8.
J. bras. pneumol ; 37(6): 745-751, nov.-dez. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-610906

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar o papel do broncodilatador no tempo de apneia voluntária máxima em pacientes com distúrbios ventilatórios obstrutivos (DVOs). MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle incluindo pacientes com DVOs e grupo controle. Foram realizadas espirometrias antes e após o uso de broncodilatador, assim como testes de apneia respiratória, utilizando-se um microprocessador eletrônico e um pneumotacógrafo como transdutor de fluxo. As curvas de fluxo respiratório foram exibidas em tempo real em um computador portátil, e os tempos de apneia voluntária inspiratória e expiratória máximos (TAVIM e TAVEM, respectivamente) foram determinados a partir do sinal adquirido. RESULTADOS: Um total de 35 pacientes com DVOs e 16 controles foram incluídos no estudo. O TAVIM sem o uso de broncodilatador foi significativamente menor no grupo DVO que no grupo controle (22,27 ± 11,81 s vs. 31,45 ± 15,73; p = 0,025), mas essa diferença não foi significativa após o uso de broncodilatador (24,94 ± 12,89 s vs. 31,67 ± 17,53 s). Os valores de TAVEM foram significativamente menores no grupo DVO que no grupo controle antes (16,88 ± 6,58 s vs. 22,09 ± 7,95 s; p = 0,017) e após o uso de broncodilatador (21,22 ± 9,37 s vs. 28,53 ± 12,46 s; p = 0,024). CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados fornecem uma evidência adicional da utilidade clínica do teste de apneia na avaliação da função pulmonar e do papel do broncodilatador nesse teste.


OBJECTIVE: To identify the role of bronchodilators in the maximal breath-hold time in patients with obstructive lung disease (OLD). METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including patients with OLD and a control group. Spirometric tests were performed prior to and after the use of a bronchodilator, as were breath-hold tests, using an electronic microprocessor and a pneumotachograph as a flow transducer. Respiratory flow curves were displayed in real time on a portable computer. The maximal breath-hold times at end-inspiratory volume and at end-expiratory volume (BHTmaxV EI and BHTmaxV EE, respectively) were determined from the acquired signal. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients with OLD and 16 controls were included. Prior to the use of a bronchodilator, the BHTmaxV EI was significantly lower in the OLD group than in the control group (22.27 ± 11.81 s vs. 31.45 ± 15.73 s; p = 0.025), although there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the post-bronchodilator values (24.94 ± 12.89 s vs. 31.67 ± 17.53 s). In contrast, BHTmaxV EE values were significantly lower in the OLD group than in the control group, in the pre- and post-bronchodilator tests (16.88 ± 6.58 s vs. 22.09 ± 7.95 s; p = 0.017; and 21.22 ± 9.37 s vs. 28.53 ± 12.46 s; p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide additional evidence of the clinical usefulness of the breath-hold test in the assessment of pulmonary function and add to the existing knowledge regarding the role of the bronchodilator in this test.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Bronchodilator Agents/adverse effects , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Respiration/drug effects , Case-Control Studies , Forced Expiratory Flow Rates/drug effects , Prospective Studies , Time Factors
9.
J. bras. pneumol ; 36(1): 44-50, jan.-fev. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-539434

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribuição de um novo coeficiente, a razão FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF, medida através da curva fluxo-volume máximo expiratório, no diagnóstico dos distúrbios ventilatórios obstrutivos (DVOs); testar esse coeficiente na diferenciação entre grupos de pacientes normais, com DVO e com distúrbio ventilatório restritivo (DVR); e estabelecer pontos de corte para cada um dos diagnósticos funcionais e a probabilidade para cada diagnóstico a partir de valores individuais. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, prospectivo, com a análise de testes de função pulmonar de 621 pacientes encaminhados ao Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre janeiro a dezembro de 2003. Foram coletados dados demográficos e espirométricos. Os pacientes foram divididos conforme o diagnóstico funcional em três grupos: normal; DVO; e DVR. Foram calculadas as razões VEF1/CVF e FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF, e as médias de FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF foram comparadas entre os grupos. Para correlacionar FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF com VEF1/CVF, utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson. Os pacientes foram, então, divididos em dois grupos: com e sem DVO. Foram calculadas as razões de verossimilhança para diferentes pontos de corte. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 55,8 ± 14,7 anos. Houve diferenças significativas nos valores médios de FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF entre os grupos (2,10 ± 0,82, 2,55 ± 1,47 e 0,56 ± 0,29, respectivamente, para normal, DVR e DVO; p < 0,001). Houve uma correlação positiva do FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF com VEF1/CVF no grupo DVO (r = 0,83). Valores de FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF < 0,79 mostraram-se fortes indicadores de DVO e valores > 1,33 praticamente afastam esse diagnóstico. CONCLUSÕES: A razão FEF50 por cento/0,5CVF é um parâmetro potencialmente útil para discriminar DVOs, correlacionando-se positivamente com o VEF1/CVF.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of a new coefficient, the FEF50 percent/0.5FVC ratio, obtained from the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve, to the diagnosis of obstructive lung disease (OLD); to test this coefficient in differentiating among patients considered normal, those with OLD and those with restrictive lung disease (RLD); and to determine cut-off points for each functional diagnosis, as well as the probability for each diagnosis based on individual values. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study analyzing the pulmonary function of patients referred to the Porto Alegre Hospital de Clínicas, in Porto Alegre, Brazil, between January and December of 2003. We collected demographic and spirometric data. The patients were divided into three groups: normal; OLD; and RLD. We calculated the FEV1/FVC and FEF50 percent/0.5FVC ratios, and we compared the mean FEF50 percent/0.5FVC values among the groups. We used Pearson's correlation test in order to compare FEF50 percent/0.5FVC with FEV1/FVC. The patients were again divided into two groups: those with OLD and those without OLD. We calculated the likelihood ratio for different cut-off points. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 55.8 ± 14.7 years. There were significant differences among the groups in terms of the mean FEF50 percent/0.5FVC (2.10 ± 0.82, 2.55 ± 1.47 and 0.56 ± 0.29, respectively, for normal, RLD and OLD; p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between FEF50 percent/0.5FVC and FEV1/FVC in the OLD group (r = 0.83). We found that an FEF50 percent/0.5FVC < 0.79 strongly suggests OLD, whereas an FEF50 percent/0.5FVC > 1.33 practically excludes this diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The FEF50 percent/0.5FVC ratio is a potentially useful parameter in the differential diagnosis of OLD and correlates positively with the FEV1/FVC ratio.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Forced Expiratory Flow Rates/physiology , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Epidemiologic Methods , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Reference Values
10.
Neumol. pediátr ; 5(2): 89-95, 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588441

ABSTRACT

Este artículo tiene como propósito revisar aspectos fisiológicos, técnicos y clínicos de la oscilometría de impulso aplicada en pediatría; ya que en la actualidad tiene un rol importante en el estudio de la mecánica respiratoria. Es una interesante aproximación al diagnóstico funcional del sistema respiratorio por su fácil realización; en cuanto no necesita de la cooperación activa del paciente, se obtienen resultados comprensibles del sitio y magnitud de la alteración, puede complementar las pruebas de provocación, pesquizar precozmente la respuesta broncodilatadora y participar en el seguimiento de enfermedades crónicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Airway Resistance , Respiratory Mechanics/physiology , Oscillometry/methods , Respiratory Function Tests/methods , Lung/physiology , Bronchial Provocation Tests , Dilatation , Neuromuscular Diseases/diagnosis , Neuromuscular Diseases/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/physiopathology , Quality Control , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results
11.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 25(1): 15-24, 2009. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-520479

ABSTRACT

The six-minute walk test has been shown as a very useful tool in the functional assessment of patients with chronic respiratory diseases enclosing patients with pulmonary hypertension. Methodological standardization of this test is fundamental for interpreting its results, as well as for using it in the short and long-term clinical follow up of our patients. The purpose of these guidelines is justly to spread out in our country the proper way to perform this useful test. In this context, indications, contraindications, limitations, security measures and detailed instructions about how to carry out, how to report and how to interpret the 6 minute walk test are described in these guidelines.


La prueba de caminata de 6 minutos ha demostrado ser una herramienta muy útil en la evaluación funcional de los pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, incluyendo pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar. Para su correcta interpretación y uso clínico en el seguimiento de pacientes, es fundamental estandarizar la técnica. El propósito de este instructivo es justamente difundir a nivel nacional, la manera de efectuar esta técnica en forma correcta. En este contexto, este instructivo describe las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, limitaciones, medidas de seguridad y entrega detalles sobre la ejecución, informe e interpretación de la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Exercise Test/standards , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Patient Selection , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Respiratory Function Tests/standards , Walking
12.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 54(5): 406-410, set.-out. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-495901

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Descrever as alterações nas variáveis da espirometria e seus distúrbios; estudar a existência de associação entre a extensão da lesão pulmonar residual ao final do tratamento da tuberculose e a alteração da função pulmonar aferida pela espirometria. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se uma série de 96 pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar, atendidos em três unidades de saúde de Região Metropolitana do Recife, durante o período de janeiro de 2003 a novembro de 2005. Foram analisados pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade a partir de 15 anos, cujas radiografias do tórax do final do tratamento foram classificadas pelo critério da National Tuberculosis Association (NTA). Os pacientes responderam questionário, no início da pesquisa, e foram submetidos à prova de função pulmonar, após o término do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Dos 96 pacientes estudados, concluímos que 89,6 por cento apresentavam seqüelas radiográficas; 54 por cento apresentavam seqüelas moderadas a graves. Estas alterações radiográficas correspondiam a 24,6 por cento e 73,8 por cento, respectivamente, de alterações na função pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: Foram identificadas 89,6 por cento de lesões residuais radiográficas, enquanto 66,7 por cento das disfunções respiratórias alertam para o fato de que a assistência ao paciente com tuberculose pulmonar não deve se restringir apenas à cura baciloscópica da doença. A identificação de lesões pulmonares residuais e disfunções respiratórias em pacientes que concluem o tratamento da tuberculose permitirão instituir medidas precoces de tratamento dessas seqüelas para uma melhor qualidade de vida.


OBJECTIVE: To describe alterations in spirometric variables and its disturbances and to study the existence of a relationship between extent of the residual lung lesion at the end of treatment for tuberculosis and alteration of the lung function measured by spirometry. METHODS: Analyzed were 96 patients with diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, treated in three health centers in the metropolitan area of Recife, from January, 2003 to November, 2005. Patients of both genders, 15 years of age or older were included, whose chest x-rays at end of the treatment were classified according to criteria of the National Tuberculosis Association (NTA) for extent of lung lesion. Patients replied to a questionnaire at the beginning of the survey, and were submitted to spirometry after conclusion of treatment. RESULTS: Of the 96 patients, 89.6 percent presented with radiographic sequels. About 54 percent had moderate to severe sequels. These radiographic alterations correspond to 24.6 percent and 73.8 percent respectively of alterations in the pulmonary function. CONCLUSION: The large number of residual radiographic lesionss (89.6 percent) and breathing dysfunction (66,7 percent) identified in this survey call attention to the fact that treatment of a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis must not be restricted to bacteriological healing of the disease. Identification of the residual lung lesions and of the breathing dysfunction in patients who conclude treatment will promote early actions to treat these sequels, improving the quality of life of these patients.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/etiology , Lung/physiopathology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology , Brazil , Chi-Square Distribution , Comorbidity , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive , Lung , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Spirometry , Smoking/physiopathology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Vital Capacity/physiology , Young Adult
13.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 67(6): 685-690, nov.-dic. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633489

ABSTRACT

Un defecto ventilatorio restrictivo está caracterizado por una reducción en la capacidad pulmonar total. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de la espirometría para determinar la presencia de restricción en pacientes con y sin obstrucción bronquial. Fueron incluídos 520 pacientes. Se definieron los valores normales mediante el intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC) utilizando la ecuación de Morris para la espirometría, y la de la European Respiratory Society (ERS) para capacidad pulmonar. Las espirometrías fueron clasificadas como obstructivas cuando mostraban relación volumen espiratorio forzado en 1 segundo (VEF1)/capacidad vital forzada (CVF) < 70% + VEF1 menor al límite inferior por IC. En los pacientes sin obstrucción espirométrica (n = 357) la sensibilidad y especificidad fueron 42.2% y 94.3% respectivamente, el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) fue 86.6% y el VP positivo (VPP) 65.2%. En el grupo de pacientes con obstrucción espirométrica (n = 66) la sensibilidad aumentó al 75.8% con una especificidad de 65.9%. El VPP disminuyó a sólo 57.8% y el VPN fue del 81.5%. Los pacientes con obstrucción y falsos positivos de CVF disminuida (n = 22) tuvieron los mismos valores de CVF (57.36 ± 13.45 vs. 58.82 ± 8.71%, p = 0.6451), de VEF1 (44.73 ± 19.24 vs. 44.0 ± 13.08%, p = 0.8745) y de difusión de monóxido de carbono (DLCO) (67.50 ± 27.23 vs. 77.00 ± 16.00%, p = 0.1299) que los pacientes verdaderos positivos. En conclusión, nuestros datos dan soporte experimental a la recomendación de no interpretar una CV o una CVF disminuida como evidencia de restricción en presencia de una relación VEF1/ CVF disminuida. La definición de defectos "mixtos" en la espirometría es inexacta e inaceptable.


A restrictive ventilatory defect is characterized by a decreased total lung capacity (TLC). The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of spirometry to detect pulmonary restriction in patients with or without airflow obstruction in the spirometry. Five hundred and twenty patients were included. Normal values for lung function were determined by using the 95% confidence interval (CI) with Morris reference equation for spirometry and European Respiratory Society equation for lung volume. Spirometries were considered obstructive when FEV1/FVC ratio was <70% and FEV1 was below 95%CI. In patients without obstruction in the spirometry (n = 357) sensitivity and specificity were 42.2% and 94.3% respectively, negative predictive value (NPP) was 86.6% and positive PV (PPV) was 65.2%. In patients with an obstructive spirometry (n = 66) sensitivity increased to 75.8% but specificity decreased to 65.9%. PPV was only 57.8% and NPV 81.5%. Patients showing obstruction in the spirometry and false positives of a low FVC (n = 22) had similar values of FVC (57.36 ± 13.45 vs. 58.82 ± 8.71%, p = 0.6451), FEV1 (44.73 ± 19.24 vs. 44.0 ± 13.08%, p = 0.8745) and DLCO (67.50 ±27.23 vs. 77.00 ±16.00%, p = 0.1299) than true positives. Residual volume (RV) (125.72 ± 64. vs. 77.96 ± 29.98%, p = 0.0011) and RV/ TLC ratio (56.89 ± 12.82 vs. 38.43 ± 13.07%, p = <0.0001) were significantly higher. We conclude that a decreased FVC or VC cannot be considered evidence of ventilatory restriction in the presence of airflow obstruction on spirometry. Diagnosis of "mixed defects" by spirometry is inaccurate and should be avoided without the measurement of lung volumes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Forced Expiratory Volume , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Reference Values , Sensitivity and Specificity , Spirometry , Vital Capacity
15.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 22(2): 86-92, jun. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-436520

ABSTRACT

In 1988, the Chilean Respiratory Society decided to get national spirometric reference values (SRV), because those used at that time (Knudson et al) underestimated the values in our population. Since then, and using national SRV, it has been observed an increase of the positive false restrictive impairment diagnoses. Our aim was to analyse the probability of making a restrictive impairment diagnosis, according to different spirometric reference values, using the total lung capacity (TLC) measurement as a gold standard. Patients and Methods: We analysed the spirometries from male and female patients older than 59 y.o., in whom lung volumes by helium dilution, had been measured concurrently in our laboratory during 2004. Restrictive impairment was substantiated (confirmed) if TLC was lower than its theoretical value (European Community) minus 1,64À RSD (standard deviation of the residual). Spirometries from the same patients were analysed with different SRV and several statistical indicators of diagnostic tests were calculated. Results: 91 patients (mean age: 72 y.o. ranging from 60 to 89) were assessed. We confirmed a restrictive impairment in 35 of them (38 percent). Using national SRV, sensitivity (S) was 86 percent, specificity (E) 59 percent and the post-test probability (PPT) 57 percent. Using NHANES III SRV, S was 54 percent, E was 91 percent and PPT 79 percent Using Knudson SRV S was 49 percent, E 93 percent and PPT 81 percent, while by using Platino study SRV, S was of 49 percent, E was 77 percent and PPT 57 percent. Conclusion: Similarly to previous reports, we have found an important difference in the probability of diagnosing restriction in our population, according to the SRV used


A finales de los años 80 se planteó la necesidad de disponer de valores de referencia espirométricos (VRE) nacionales, ya que los utilizados en esa época (Knudson) subestimaban los valores en nuestra población. Posteriormente, al utilizar VRE nacionales, se ha observado un aumento de los diagnósticos de restricción falsos positivos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la probabilidad de hacer el diagnóstico de restricción a través de la espirometría, según diferentes valores de referencia utilizando como gold standard la medición de la capacidad pulmonar total (CPT). Material y Método: Se analizaron las espirometrías de pacientes mayores de 59 años, estudiados además con volúmenes pulmonares por técnica de dilución de helio durante el año 2004. Como criterio de restricción se utilizó el valor inferior a CPT teórica menos 1,64À RSD (desviación standard del residuo) con respecto a los valores teóricos de la comunidad europea. Se analizaron las espirometrías de los mismos pacientes con diferentes VRE y se calcularon diferentes indicadores estadísticos de pruebas diagnósticas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 91 casos con edad promedio de 72 años (rango 60 a 89) encontrando verdadera restricción en 35 de ellos (38 por ciento). Al utilizar VRE nacionales la sensibilidad (S) fue de 86 por ciento, la especificidad (E) de 59 por ciento y la probabilidad postest (PPT) de 57 por ciento. Con NHANES III la S fue de 54 por ciento, la E de 91 por ciento y la PPT de 79 por ciento.Con Knudson la S fue de 49 por ciento, la E de 93 por ciento y la PPT de 81 por ciento mientras que con Platino la S fue de 49 por ciento, la E de 77 por ciento y la PPT de 57 por ciento. Se concluye que existe una gran diferencia en la probabilidad de diagnosticar restricción según el VRE utilizado, de manera similar a lo publicado por otros autores.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Spirometry/standards , Reference Values , Chile , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , False Negative Reactions , False Positive Reactions , Mathematics , Predictive Value of Tests , Respiratory Function Tests/standards , Sensitivity and Specificity , Vital Capacity
16.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 22(2): 98-104, jun. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-436522

ABSTRACT

Chronic airway obstruction (CAO) resulting from tuberculosis (TB) sequelae (CAO-TB) is a frequent condition in our population. However the information in the medical literature is scarce. The management of these patients usually follows guidelines for other illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. To better characterize CAO-TB, 25 patients with this condition that never smoked nor were diagnosed having asthma, were studied by means of spirometry, arterial blood gases and 6-minute walk test. Furthermore, they were compared with 12 COPD patients with similar FEV1 values. CAO-TB patients had history of tuberculosis 35 ± 11 years earlier, and all of them presented with lung scarring in one or both upper lobes. They were younger than COPD (58 ± 11 vs 69 ± 6 y.o.; p = 0.001) and females predominated over males (20/5 vs 2/10; p = 0.001). The FEV1/FVC ratio pre- and post-bronchodilator were higher in CAO-TB than in COPD patients (67 percent ± 12 vs 54 percent ± 9 pre; p = 0.001; 65 percent ± 14 vs 51 percent ± 7; p = 0.003 post, respectively). There were no differences in the remaining spirometric indices nor in arterial blood gases. The 6-min distance walked was comparable in both groups: 343 m (69 percent) in CAO-TB and 361 m (76 percent) in COPD. There were no differences in the oxygen saturation nor in heart rate neither at the beginning nor at the end of the 6-min walk test. However, CAO-TB patients had a higher respiratory rate at the beginning (22.7 ± 4.7 vs 19.8 ± 3.1 breath/min; p = 0.05) and at the end of the walk test (27.3 ± 6.7 vs 21.9 ± 3.3; p = 0.01) than COPD patients; although the Borg dyspnoea score was not different (1 ± 0,7 vs 1 ± 0.5 initial, 3 ± 1.5 vs 2.5 ± 0.8 final). Furthermore, a significant linear correlation between respiratory rate and Borg score was found both at the beginning (r = 0.747; p < 0.001) and at the end (r = 0.507; p = 0.01) of the walk test. In conclusion, CAO-TB patients are functionally comparable to COPD patients, although they have higher respiratory rate and develop more dyspnoea because of their added restrictive impairment. In addition to spirometry, tests for assessment of dyspnoea such as 6-minute walk test must be considered, to evaluate the response to treatment in CAO-TB patients.


La limitación crónica al flujo aéreo (LCFA) secundaria a secuelas de tuberculosis (LCFA-TB) es relativamente frecuente en nuestro medio, pero la información sobre esta condición en la literatura es escasa. El manejo terapéutico de estos enfermos suele seguir las guías de otras entidades como la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) y el Asma Bronquial. Con el objetivo de caracterizar la LCFA-TB, 25 enfermos con esta condición, que nunca fumaron ni tuvieron asma, fueron estudiados mediante espirometría, gasometría arterial y prueba de caminata de 6 minutos. Los pacientes LCFA-TB fueron comparados con 12 pacientes EPOC que tenían un grado similar de obstrucción. Los enfermos con LCFA-TB habían presentado tuberculosis 35 ± 11 años antes y tenían lesiones fibrosas con retracción en uno o ambos lóbulos superiores. Eran más jóvenes que los pacientes con EPOC (58 ± 11 vs 69 ± 6 años; p = 0,001) y predominaban las mujeres sobre los hombres (20/5 vs 2/10; p = 0,001). La relación VEF1/CVF basal fue más elevada en los pacientes con LCFA-TB que en los con EPOC (67 por ciento ± 12 vs 54 por ciento ± 9; p = 0,001) al igual que la relación VEF1/CVF posterior a broncodilatador (65 por ciento ± 14 vs 51 por ciento ± 7; p = 0,003). No hubo diferencias en los demás índices espirométricos ni en los gases arteriales. La distancia recorrida en 6 minutos fue similar en ambos grupos de pacientes: 343 m (69 por ciento) en LCFA-TB y 361 m (76 por ciento) en EPOC. No hubo diferencias en la oximetría ni en la frecuencia cardíaca inicial ni final. En cambio, los pacientes con LCFA-TB presentaron una frecuencia respiratoria (FR) más elevada que los pacientes con EPOC, tanto al comienzo (22,7 ± 4,7 vs 19,8 ± 3,1; p = 0,05) como al final de la prueba (27,3 ± 6,7 vs 21,9 ± 3,3; p = 0,01). Aunque no hubo diferencias en el grado de disnea (escala de Borg: 1 ±0,7 vs 1 ± 0,5 inicial, 3 ± 1,5 vs 2,5 ± 0,8 final). Además, existió una correlación significativa entre la FR y los puntos de la escala de Borg al inicio de la prueba (r = 0,747; p < 0,001) y al final de ésta (r = 0,507; p = 0,01). En conclusión, los pacientes con LCFA-TB tienen un comportamiento funcional parecido a los pacientes con EPOC, aunque por el componente restrictivo de su limitación ventilatoria presentan más polipnea y tienden a desarrollar más disnea con el ejercicio. La valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento en estos enfermos debiera considerar, además de la espirometría, pruebas de evaluación de disnea como la distancia recorrida en seis minutos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Airway Obstruction/physiopathology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Exercise , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Forced Expiratory Volume , Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Spirometry , Vital Capacity
17.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 50(1): 32-36, 2004. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-358790

ABSTRACT

A diferença alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio ou P(A-a)O2 é importante no estudo de disfunções nas trocas gasosas alvéolo-capilares, entretanto não fornece resultados confiáveis em pacientes hipercapneicos, ao contrário do cálculo da mistura venosa que, embora pouco prático, é potencialmente capaz de diagnosticar a existência de distúrbio de trocas alvélo-capilares de qualquer natureza. OBJETIVO: Conferir o grau de confiabilidade da diferença alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio para avaliar distúrbio das trocas alvéolo-capilares na presença de hipoventilação alveolar, utilizando o cálculo da mistura venosa como padrão. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e três gasometrias de pacientes hipercapneicos foram submetidas ao cálculo da mistura venosa e da diferença P(A-a)O2 obtida com a PaCO2 medida e com a PaCO2 fixada em 40 mmHg. Os resultados foram comparados por teste de correlação simples. RESULTADOS: A pressão parcial de oxigênio e de gás carbônico arterial média foi de 50,8±10,4 e 51,7±6,4 mmHg, respectivamente. As médias da P(A-a)O2, da P(A-a)O2 "corrigida" e da mistura venosa foram respectivamente 26,6±10,2 mmHg; 40,4±10,8 mmHg e 37±15,2 por cento. O coeficiente de correlação entre a mistura venosa e a P(A-a)O2 foi de 0,61 (p<0,00001) e mistura venosa e P(A-a)O2 "corrigida" foi de 0,89 (p<0,00001). CONCLUSAO: A utilização do cálculo da diferença alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio em pacientes cronicamente hipercapneicos tem alcance clínico limitado, porque ele deixa de expressar o diagnóstico de distúrbio das trocas alvéolo-capilares que freqüentemente está associado à hipoventilação alveolar.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Hypercapnia/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Pulmonary Gas Exchange , Spirometry/methods , Oxygen/analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Spirometry/standards
18.
São Paulo; s.n; 2003. [38] p. tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-408988

ABSTRACT

Refluxo gastroesofágico patológico é entidade frequente na população geral. Ocorre associada a queixas digestivas e extradigestivas como cardíacas, respiratórias e otorrinolaringológicas assim como na forma assintomática. Embora a correlação de RGE com doenças respiratórias tenha tido relatos frequentes , o mesmo não ocorreu com DPOC .Foram estudados 29 pacientes ambulatoriais portadores de DPOC através de questionário, pHmetria esofágica distal e proximal durante 24 hs e medidas de função pulmonar. Encontrou-se 57 por cento de RGE patológicos proximais e distais. Significância estatistíca (p < 0,05) foi observada entre o Indice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e RGE proximal. Concluiu-se que o RGE patológico foi expressivo em DPOC e não houve correlação entre as queixas otorrinolaringológicas e RGE proximal como relatado na literatura.Pathological gastroesophageal reflux is a very frequent condition among general population.It can be found in assimptomatic patients or related to digestive, cardiac, respiratory and otorhinolaringological complains.Although there were many reports concerning to respiratory diseases and GERD ,the relationship between GERD and COPD is not well established. 29 out patients with COPD were studied. Questionnaires were answered, esophageal distal and proximal pHmonitorings were performed during 24 hours as well as respiratory functional tests. Proximal and distal pathological refluxes were registered in 57 per cent of all patients. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was observed concerning to proximal pathological reflux and body mass index. COPD has a high prevalence of GERD. Otorhinolaringological symptoms were not correlated to proximal reflux as previously reported...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/etiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Gastroesophageal Reflux/etiology , Gastroesophageal Reflux/pathology , Body Mass Index , Gastric Acid , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Respiratory Function Tests/methods
19.
São Paulo; s.n; 2003. [84] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-415052

ABSTRACT

O propósito da presente investigação foi avaliar o papel da atividade física no desenvolvimento de enfisema induzido por papaina em ratos. Para tanto, ratos Wistar foram radomicamente divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10 para cada grupo) que receberam, respectivamente, infusão intra-traqueal de papaína (6 mg em 1 ml de NaCI 0,9 por cento) ou veículo e foram submetidos ou não ao protocolo de exercício em uma esteira ergométrica. Os ratos exercitaram-se a 13,3 m/min, 6 dias por semana, durante 9 semanas (o tempo de exercício foi aumentado gradualmente, de 10 a 35 min) / The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of exercise trainning on the development of papain-induced emphysema in rats. Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 for each group) that receiveid, respectively, intratracheal infusion of papain (6 mg in 1 ml NaCI 0,9 per cent) or vehicle and were submitted or not to a protocol of exercise on a treadmill...


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Pulmonary Emphysema/chemically induced , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Pulmonary Emphysema/therapy , Papain/toxicity , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/therapy , Rats, Wistar
20.
Acta méd. costarric ; 44(4): 160-162, oct.-dic. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-403958

ABSTRACT

El edema pulmonar postobstructivo (EPPO) es una complicación postoperatoria cuyo manejo adecuado depende de un diagnóstico etiológico correcto. El EPPO se clasifica en dos tipos. El tipo I es secundario a la obstrucción aguda de la vía aérea superior. Por su parte, el tipo II ocurre luego de corregir quirúrgicamente una obstrucción crónica de la vía aérea. Fisiopatológicamente, el mecanismo que explica el cuadro es una disminución marcada de la presión intersticial en el nivel pericapilar pulmonar resultante de la inspiración forzada. Lo anterior produce fuga capilar y el consecuente edema de pulmón. El manejo de este cuadro requiere de soporte respiratorio que incluye ventilación mecánica e incluso presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP). El pronóstico es muy bueno si el diagnóstico es correcto y oportuno. Se reportan 3 casos que ilustran la entidad, su diagnóstico y manejo. Descriptores: Edema pulmonar postobstructivo, complicación postoperatoria.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/surgery , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/etiology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Airway Obstruction/surgery , Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Pulmonary Edema , Costa Rica , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/therapy , Postoperative Complications , Pulmonary Edema
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